Watling, Christopher N. 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1440-2401 and Freeman, James and Palk, Gavan and Davey, Jeremy
(2011)
Sex, Drugs, and Deterrence: Applying Stafford and Warr’s Reconceptualization of Deterrence Theory to Drug Driving Across the Genders.
In:
Psychology of Punishment.
Psychology of emotions, motivations and actions.
Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, United States, pp. 51-71.
ISBN 9781613241158
Abstract
A consistent finding in the literature is that males report greater usage of drugs and subsequently greater amounts of drug driving. Research also suggests that vicarious influences may be more pertinent to males than to females. Utilising Stafford and Warr's (1993) reconceptualization of deterrence theory, this study sought to determine if the relative deterrent impact of zero-tolerance drug driving laws is disparate between genders. A sample of motorists (N = 899) completed a self-report questionnaire assessing participants frequency of drug driving and personal and vicarious experiences with punishment and punishment avoidance. It was found that males were significantly more likely to report future intentions of drug driving. Additionally, vicarious experiences of punishment avoidance was a more influential predictor of future drug driving instances for males with personal experiences of punishment avoidance a more influential predictor for females. This study identifies that the facilitation of drug driving between males and females is differentially influenced from different mechanisms. Importantly, this study's findings can inform gender sensitive media campaigns and interventions for convicted drug drivers.
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